A People’s Tragedy

Orlando Figes

Language: English

Publisher: Vintage

Description:

The book discusses the failure of democracy in post-Soviet Russia under Vladimir Putin's regime. It explores how Putin reverted to a more authoritarian form of rule, highlighting the weakness of the middle classes and public institutions, as well as the lack of experience with democracy. The author also examines the nostalgia for the Soviet period among ordinary Russians and the positive rewriting of Soviet history. The passage further delves into the troubling attitude towards the violence of the Revolution among Russians, who continue to accept the Bolshevik idea that mass state violence can be justified.

Another section of the book focuses on the controversial role of Alexandra, the Tsarina of Russia. It describes her resentment towards her public role and her reputation for coldness and hauteur, which alienated her from the Russian people. Alexandra's active political role and her belief in ruling Russia as the medieval tsars did are also discussed, along with her obsession with giving birth to a healthy son and heir. The passage introduces Rasputin, a controversial figure who gained influence over the royal family, and explores his background and beliefs.

The book also examines the challenges faced by the nationalist intelligentsia in influencing the peasant masses in the Tsarist Empire. It discusses the development of national consciousness among the peasants, the localized forms of identity in different regions, and the spread of rural schooling and institutions. The passage highlights the rise of popular nationalism in regions such as Poland, Georgia, and the western Ukraine, as well as the peasant movement against the influence of the "foreign" towns.

Furthermore, the book discusses the difficulties faced by the Russian government during the war and the growing opposition to the regime. It explores the government's attempts to use the patriotic upsurge to gain political support, the criticism of the government's handling of the war, and the unpopularity of the regime. The passage also touches on the issue of anti-Semitism in Russia and the murder of a schoolboy named Andrei Yustshinsky.

The book provides insight into the successes and failures of land reforms in Russia before the First World War, as well as the prevalence of anti-Semitism in the country. It discusses the impact of the reforms on peasant farmers, the transformation of scrubland into model private farms, and the challenges faced by farmers in making it on their own. The passage also explores the murder of Andrei Yustshinsky and the prevalence of anti-Semitism in Russia during this time.

Another section of the book discusses the events leading up to and during a failed offensive by the Russian army in 1917. It examines the government's attempts to use the patriotic upsurge to gain political support, the criticism of the government's handling of the war, and the unpopularity of the regime. The passage also highlights the opposition's campaign for a national zemstvo assembly, the attempts at reform by the new Minister of the Interior, and the eventual formation of the first national assembly in Russian history.

The book also describes the impact of the Russian Revolution on the peasantry and the challenges faced by the nationalist intelligentsia in influencing the peasant masses. It explores the development of national consciousness among the peasants, the localized forms of identity in different regions, and the spread of rural schooling and institutions. The passage highlights the rise of popular nationalism in regions such as Poland, Georgia, and the western Ukraine, as well as the peasant movement against the influence of the "foreign" towns.

Furthermore, the book discusses the difficulties faced by the Russian government during the war and the growing opposition to the regime. It explores the government's attempts to use the patriotic upsurge to gain political support, the criticism of the government's handling of the war, and the unpopularity of the regime. The passage also touches on the issue of anti-Semitism in Russia and the murder of a schoolboy named Andrei Yustshinsky.

The book provides insight into the successes and failures of land reforms in Russia before the First World War, as well as the prevalence of anti-Semitism in the country. It discusses the impact of the reforms on peasant farmers, the transformation of scrubland into model private farms, and the challenges faced by farmers in making it on their own. The passage also explores the murder of Andrei Yustshinsky and the prevalence of anti-Semitism in Russia during this time.

Another section of the book discusses the internal divisions within the Bolshevik party during the Russian Revolution. It explores the hesitations and differing opinions among Bolshevik leaders, the negotiations for an armistice with Germany, and the challenges faced by the Bolsheviks in controlling the food supply. The passage also highlights the protests and strikes by workers against the Bolshevik dictatorship and the threat posed by the Extraordinary Assemblies of Factory and Plant Representatives.

The book also describes the chaotic and uncertain situation in Petrograd and Moscow during the Russian Revolution. It explores the disintegration of life and the lies of politics, the loyalty of the Petrograd workers to the Soviet, and the inter-party talks for the formation of a new government. The passage also discusses the importance of the railways for the Bolsheviks and the fierce resistance they faced in Moscow.

Furthermore, the book discusses the chaotic and uncertain situation in Petrograd and Moscow during the Russian Revolution. It explores the disintegration of life and the lies of politics, the loyalty of the Petrograd workers to the Soviet, and the inter-party talks for the formation of a new government. The passage also discusses the importance of the railways for the Bolsheviks and the fierce resistance they faced in Moscow.

The book also describes the violent and brutal actions of the Whites, a counter-revolutionary force, as they moved deeper into the steppe. It explores the terror and violence they employed against the peasants, the atrocities committed in reprisal for the Red Terror, and the Whites' attack on Ekaterinodar. The passage also discusses the situation in the Don, where the Reds terrorized the Cossacks, leading to Cossack uprisings and the consolidation of anti-Bolshevik forces.

Another section of the book discusses the peasant revolts and the failure of the Bolsheviks' policies during the Russian Civil War. It explores the violence and resentment sparked by the food brigades and the kombedy, the Bolsheviks' attempts to control the food supply, and the chaos and economic decline caused by the 14 November Decree on Workers' Control. The passage also highlights the protest movement by workers against the Bolsheviks and the threat it posed to their rule.

The book also describes the captivity and eventual execution of the Romanov family, specifically focusing on Nicholas II, the last Tsar of Russia. It explores their house arrest, their transfer to Tobolsk, and the deteriorating conditions they faced. The passage also discusses the secret plan to bring the Tsar back to Moscow for a show trial, the imprisonment of the Romanovs in Ekaterinburg, and the decision to execute them.

Finally, the passage provides a list of various books and sources that cover a wide range of topics related to Russian history, including the Russian Revolution, the Bolsheviks, the role of the church, and the social and political climate of the time. The books mentioned offer diverse perspectives and insights into the events and people involved in this period of Russian history.